清朝进士古宅百年不倒缘于永淳工艺
72间房,形成一个“国”字。“Seventy-two rooms make a shape as the Chinese character, 国(guo).”。如此大气的建筑群,在清朝只有进士以上级别官员才能建造,且须经过皇帝钦定审批。宾阳杨怀震故居,就是这类型建筑。
清朝进士杨怀震故居位于宾阳县甘棠镇那宁村,建于清朝末年。“Yang Huaizhen was a Jinshi of Qin dynasty. His former residence is located in Naning Village of Binyang County. It was built in the late Qing dynasty.”。风雨洗礼百余年,“国”字形古屋主体仍保留完整,当年的奢华犹存。
青砖墙体光滑平整,砖缝间的白色灰浆细腻流畅。房屋的梁架均为榫卯相接,浑然一体。无论是壁画里的走兽、木雕里的花鸟,还是砖雕里的龙首,都惟妙惟肖、栩栩如生。
说到古屋,不得不提永淳工匠手艺。“When it comes to the ancient houses, people always mention the workmanship of the craftsman in Yongchun County.”。
永淳工匠主要分布在原永淳县(1952年调整行政区划时撤销)辖区的露圩、甘棠两镇和古辣以南部分村庄。永淳工匠分木匠和泥瓦匠两种。“The craftsman in Yongchun County is divided into two kinds, carpenters and masons.”。泥瓦匠负责房屋主体的垒砌和砖雕、石雕,木匠则负责木雕、壁画和家具制作。“Masons are responsible for the main part of the building, brick carving and stone carving. Carpenters are in charge of wood carving, mural painting and furniture making.”。两者合作,便建造出例如杨怀震故居这样独具特色的岭南建筑。
杨怀震故居之所以百年不倒,当地人认为跟永淳工匠建筑时使用的灰浆有关。“The locals believe that the reason why Yang Huaizhen's former residence hasn't fall for a hundred years is related to the grout which is used by the craftsman.”。
据当地老人介绍,永淳工匠所用的石灰原料得用柴草烧制几天几夜,且一窑石灰只取窑心部分。拌灰浆使用的“白眼沙”要用筛子筛选过。灰浆的配料是糖油和熟糯米浆。这也是永淳泥瓦匠与其他工匠本质区别的地方。
将石灰、糖油、熟糯米浆、白眼沙、水按一定比例放进拌浆槽里,充分搅拌均匀,直至灰浆呈胶状把两块砖粘在一起,并且拿起上面那块砖下面那块砖不掉才算合格。正是因为永淳工匠们考究材料、严格工艺,才使得这座古屋历经数百年风雨仍崭新如初。“Because of the fastidious materials and the strict technics, this ancient former redidence looks as new as before although it has been experienced a hundred years of wind and rain.”。
本报记者 叶祯/文黄倩华/翻译
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